Basic Knowledge Of Computers

Computer Basic Knowledge. Make factors on Computer common information whereas studying which can assist for a greater rating in exams. We present you with the small print of computer information that they're asking in all aggressive exams. We supplied with the details about the Computer generations, Memory particulars, Software Details, and Input and Output Details in the Detailed Method to grasp extra on computer information.

What is a Computer?

Computer: A Computer is a General-reason machine, for the most part comprising of computerized hardware, that accepts (inputs), shops, manipulates, and generates (outputs) data as numbers, textual content, graphics, voice, video files, or electrical alerts, in accordance with instructions known as a program.

• Father of the computer – Charles Babbage.
• Father of the modern computer – Alan Turing.
• Basic Architecture of Computer: John Von Neumann (1947-49).
• First Programmer: Lady Ada Lovelace (1880).
• First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (1946) – J.P. Eckert & J.W. Mauchly.
• The first computer for the house consumer launched – IBM in 1981.

Characteristics of Computer

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage
• Diligence
• Versatility
• Automation

Full form of Computer:

• C – Commonly
• O – Operated
• M – Machine
• P – Particularly
• U – Used for
• T – Technical
• E-Education
• R – Research

Computer – An Introduction

• A computer is a device that may receive process and store data.
• However, all computer systems have a number of elements in common:
• Input devices enable data and commands to the computer (Mouse, Keyboard, and many others.)
• Memory for storing commands and data.
• Central Processing Unit which controls the processing.
• Monitor Process the information within the type of output.

Types of computer systems

Computers vary in measurement and functionality. There are supercomputers, very giant computer systems with 1000's of microprocessors that carry out extraordinarily complicated calculations.

There are tiny computer systems embedded in vehicles, TVs, stereo systems, calculators, and home equipment. These computer systems are built to carry out a number of variety of tasks.

Laptops

1. The Laptops are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin display screen.
2. Laptops can function on batteries, so you'll be able to take them anyplace.
3. Unlike desktops, laptops mix the CPU, display screen, and keyboard in a single case.
4. The display screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use.

Desktop computer systems

1. Desktop computer systems design is made to be used at a desk or desk.
2. They are usually bigger and extra highly effective than different sorts of private computer systems.
3. The major part called the system unit is often a rectangular case that sits on or beneath a desk.
4. Other parts, such because the monitor, mouse, and keyboard, connect with the system unit.

Handheld computer systems (PDA)

1. Handheld computer systems also referred to as private digital assistants (PDAs), are battery-power computer systems sufficiently small to hold nearly anyplace.
2. These are helpful for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing video games.
3. Some have superior capabilities, such as making phone calls or accessing the Internet.
4. Instead of keyboards, handheld computer systems have contact screens that you just use together with your finger.

Peripheral Devices

1. The peripheral device connects to a computer system so as to add performance. Examples are a keyboard, mouse, monitor,  scanner, and printer.
2. A computer peripheral is a device that connects to a computer however shouldn't be a part of the core computer structure.
3. The core components of a computer are the central processing unit, energy provides, motherboard and the computer case that incorporates these three parts.

Types of Peripheral Devices

• There are many peripheral devices, however, they fall into three general classes:
• Input gadgets, such as a  keyboard and a mouse
• Output gadgets, such as a printer and a monitor 
• Storage gadgets, such as a flash drive or hard drive 

Main Parts of Computer - Computer Knowledge

Hardware

• Computer {hardware} is what you'll be able to physically contact consists of the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
• It additionally consists of all of the elements inside the computer case, such because of the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.

Input Devices

• In computing, an info gadget is a fringe (a bit of PC {hardware} equipment) used to supply data and manage alerts to a data handling framework.
• It will control devices such as an information appliance or computer.

Examples: keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, and joysticks.

Mouse

• A mouse is used to input data by sending a sign to the computer, based mostly on hovering the cursor and selecting with the left mouse button.
• The left mouse acts as an ‘enter’ button. The proper mouse button may be selected and can typically pop up a window of decisions.
• The scrolling wheel is used to maneuver the view of the display screen up or down.
• By transferring your mouse to a location in a document, on a digital photograph or over a selection of music, you'll be able to click on the left mouse button to put the cursor.

Keyboard

• A Keyboard is essentially the most elementary enter device for any computer system.
• It helps to enter data on the computer.

Trackballs

• A trackball is an input device used to enter movement data into computer systems or different digital devices.
• It serves the identical objective as a mouse however is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which may be rolled in any path.
• Instead of transferring the entire device, you merely roll the moveable ball on top of the trackball unit together with your hand to generate movement enter.

Main Parts - Basic Knowledge of Computer

Digital camera 

• A camera that produces digital photographs that may be saved in a computer and displayed on the display screen.

Barcode reader 

• A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is a digital device that may learn and output printed barcodes to a computer.
• Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light-weight supply, a lens and a light-weight sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

Joystick

• The joystick is a lever that may be moved in a number of instructions to regulate the motion of a picture on a computer or related show display screen. It mainly used in playing video games.

Gamepad 

• The gamepad is a handheld controller for computer games.

Microphone

• Micro Phone is an instrument for changing sound waves into electrical vitality varieties which would then be able to be enhanced, transmitted, or recorded.

Scanner

• The scanner is a device that scans paperwork and converts them into digital data.

Webcam

• A webcam is a video camera related to a computer, permitting its photographs to be seen by Internet customers.

Digitizer

• It converts analog info into digital kind.

Optical character recognition (OCR)

• Optical character recognition is the mechanical or advanced change of photos of composed, handwritten or printed literary substance into machine-encoded literary substance.

Optical Mark Reading (OMR)

• Optical Mark Readers get pencil or pen marks made in pre-depicted circumstances on paper types as reactions to questions or tick list prompts.

Structure of CPU – Computer Knowledge Basics

Input and Output devices

Input Devices - Computer Knowledge

An input gadget takes care of information to the PC framework for handling.

We are going to debate essentially the most generally used enter gadgets in this article.

Mouse

• A gadget that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a show screen..
• A mouse is a small object you'll be able to roll alongside a hard, flat surface.
• The innovation of the mouse is made by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1963.

Keyboard

• The computer keyboard is to enter textual content information into the computer.
• The major use of the keyboard is to type commands directing the computer to perform sure actions.

Scanner

• A scanner is a device that photographs a printed page or graphics by digitizing it, producing a picture product of tiny pixels of various brightness and color values that are represented numerically and sent to the computer.
• Scanners not only scan graphics, however, but they'll also additionally scan pages of textual content.

Joystick

• Joysticks and related game controllers may also be related to a computer as pointing devices

MIDI Devices

• MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a system design to transmit info between digital musical devices.

Graphics Tablet

• A graphics tablet consists of digital writing space and a particular “pen” that works with it.
• A graphics tablet permits creating graphical photographs with motions and actions.

Trackball

• A trackball is a form of like an upside-down mouse, with the ball situated on top.
• You use your fingers to roll the trackball, and inside rollers (much like what’s inside a mouse) sense the movement which is transmitted to the computer.
• Trackballs have the benefit over mice in that the body of the trackball stays stationary in your desk.

Output Devices - Computer Knowledge

Monitor

1. Monitors generally referred to as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the primary output device of a computer.
2. It types photographs from tiny dots, known as pixels that make an arrangement is a type of an oblong kind.
3. The sharpness of the picture depends upon the variety of pixels.

Printers

The printer is an output device, which is to print info on paper.

There are two forms of printers:

1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers

Plotters

1. A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line drawings on paper with a number of automated pens.
2. Unlike an everyday printer, the plotter can draw continuous point-to-point traces immediately from vector graphics files or commands.

Projector

• A projector or picture projector is an optical contraption, which broadens a picture (or moving photographs) onto a surface, all around, a projection show screen.

Speakers

1. Speakers are one of the common output gadgets with computer programs.
2. Some audio system is designed for work particularly with computer systems, whereas others may be hooked as much as any type of sound system.

Memory 

Memory is the storage area within the computer the place data get the method and directions required for processing get retailer. The memory is cut up into numerous small elements often known as cells. Each location or cell has a unique handle which varies from zero to memory size minus one.

Memory is of three types

• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory

Cache Memory

Cache memory is a really high-speed semiconductor memory which may speed up CPU. It goes about as a buffer between the CPU and the fundamental memory.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

1. Primary memory holds only those data and directions on which computer is currently working.
2. It has limited capability and data is misplaced when power is switched off.
3. It is mostly made up of the semiconductor device.
4. The data and instruction require to be processed reside in the main memory.

There are two sub-classifications ROM and RAM in Primary memory.

RAM :

The RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer the places the working system, software packages, and data in current use are stored.

RAM is way quicker to learn from and write to than the opposite sorts of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM.

It has two elements:

A. SRAM: Static Random Access Memory

B. DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory.

ROM:

As the name suggests ROM, stores information that may only be learn. Modifying it's impossible or very difficult.

ROM can also be a kind of non-volatile storage, which means that the information in it stays even when the computer loses energy.

This is one other type of ROM that's impossible or difficult to change.

• PROM – Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.

Important Computer Knowledge – Development of computer

Abacus

• Abacus is understood to be the primary mechanical calculating device.
• Which was once performed addition and subtraction simply and speedily?
• Abacus is made up of the picket frame by which rod was fitted across with rounds beads sliding on the rod.

Pascal Calculator

• In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented the including the machine called Pascal’s calculator, which represents the place of the digit with the assistance of gears in it.

Analytical Engine

• A scientist from England is aware of to be Charles Babbage invented such the machine.
• This device is called an Analytical engine and it's the first mechanical computer.
• It consists of such function which we use in today’s computer language.
• For this nice invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also referred to as the father of the computer.

Generation of computer systems – Computer Knowledge

1st Generation: (1940-1956)

• Vacuum tubes received to use in circuits.
• These computer systems are very large in size.
• It requires a large amount of electrical energy.
• They produce extra heat.
• They are much less revival.
• Ex.: ENIAC, UNIVAC.

2nd Generation: (1957-1962)

• Vacuum tubes received the replacement by transistors in circuits.
• Small size as in comparison with Ist Generation computer systems.
• Less amount of heat Generation.
• Less electrical energy consumption.
• Ex.: IBM 350

3rd Generation: (1963-1972)

• Transistors received the alternative by I.C. in circuits. (I.C.- Integrated circuits)
• Small size as in comparison with the IInd Generation computer.
• Less amount of heat compared to the IInd Generation computer.
• Less electrical energy consumption.
• Faster and extra correct than the IInd Generation computer.
• Ex.: IBM 360/370

5th Generation: (1973-Present)

• LSI and LSVI technologies are used.
• LSI- Large-scale integration.
• LSVI-Very giant-scale integration.
• Apple-II, STAR 1000

6th Generation: (Present & Beyond)

• It is predicated on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• The computer can perceive spoken phrases.
• Scientists are continuously working to extend the processing energy of computer systems.
• They are attempting to create a computer with actual IQ with the help of advanced programming and technologies.
• Ex.: IBM Watson.

Basic Computer Knowledge – Classification of Computers

Classification of working system

Digital computer

• The digital computer is the commonest type of computer and is used to process information with portions utilizing digits, often utilizing the binary quantity system. Ex – MacBook.

Analog Computer 

• Analog PC that works with numbers spoke to by straightforwardly quantifiable amounts (as voltages or pivots) — assess computerized PC, hybrid computer.

Hybrid Computer

• Hybrid Computer is a computer that mixes the traits of a digital computer and an analog computer by its capability to just accept enter and supply output in both digital or analog kind and to process information digitally.

Software – Computer Knowledge

Computer software is a program or just software is a collection of directions that directs a computer to carry out particular tasks or operations. PC software comprises PC projects, libraries and related non-executable information, (for example, on-line documentation or digital media).

There are two major types of software: programs software and software software.

Systems Software

1. Systems software incorporates the projects that devote to dealing with the PC itself, such as the account of the operating system, file management utilities,  and disk working system (or DOS).
2. The operating system manages the computer {hardware} sources along with purposes and data.
3. Without programs software installed on our computer systems, we must type the directions for every little thing we needed the computer to do.

Applications Software

1. Application software, or simply purposes, is sometimes referred to as productivity programs or end-user programs.
2. They will allow the consumer to finish tasks akin to creating paperwork, spreadsheets, databases, and publications, doing on-line analysis, sending the e-mail, designing graphics, working companies, and even taking part in video games.
3. Application software is particular to the task which may be so simple as a calculator software or as complicated as a phrase processing software.
4. When you start making a document, the word processing software has already set the margins, font style and size, and the road spacing for you.
5. But you'll be able to change these settings, and you've got many extra formatting options out there.
6. For instance, the word processor software makes it easy so as to add color, headings, add photos or delete, copy, transfer, and alter the document’s look to fit your wants.

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